Echocardiographic Changes in Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Reference to Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio

Type2 diabetes mellitus is associated with central obesity. Studies showsthat central obesity, leads to insulin resistance is an important determinant for insulin resistance and cardiovascular morbidity. In the present study clinical profile of type2 diabetics with special reference to cardiac changes were studied and their relationship were established. This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital. 50 obese patients with controlled diabetes less than 5 years of duration were compared with obese non diabetics. There is significant statistical correlation with obese diabetic subjects particularly females, alterations in LV geometry. Obese female subjects had predominantly higher left ventricular mass. From the data of the present study high BMI, WHR have increased incidence of cardiovascular disease

A comparative study on the Waist Hip Ratio and Serum Lipid Profile in Information Technology employees with Non Information Technology Employees

Background: In Information Technology (I.T) employees, occupational stress is more common which cause alterations in biochemical parameters and diseases. Aim: To compare the Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), Body Mass Index (BMI) and serum lipid profile like Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), in I.T employees with non I.T employees. Materials and methods: This was a comparative study in which employees who were working in I.T Company compared with employees not working in I.T Company. The study included totally 300 subjects of whom 150 were I.T employees and 150 were Non I.T employees. Weight, height, waist and hip measurement were taken. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11.5. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Results: BMI and WHR were significantly decreased in I.T employees than in Non I.T employees. There was no significant difference in Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL. Conclusion: The significant reduction in BMI and WHR in I.T employees may be due to their relaxation exercises in between the working hours, regular physical exercise, periodical health check – up, and life style modification which were not seen in non I.T employees.

A Correlation Of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy(Eccentric) With Anthropometric Measurements Of Obese Adults

INTRODUCTION :- Obesity represent a state of ↑adipose tissue mass and is a precursor of many diseases . Obesity is a independent risk factor for stroke MI, Arrhythmias. structural and functional changes in the heart appears long before the detection of these overt clinical diseases. And these changes are better visualized by Echocardiography.The Echo diagnosis of LVH in obese help to prevent life threatening complication of obesity. AIM/OBJECTIVE:-[1]To study a correlation of left ventricular hypertrophy(eccentric) with anthropometric measurements of obese adults as an independent prognostic marker for Obesity. [2] To study LVH as represented by Left Ventricular Mass and its comparison with (a)BMI (Body Mass Index), (b)BSA(Body Surface Area) and (c)WHR(Waist To Hip Ratio). MATERIAL & METHOD:-All adults patient attending the Medicine OPD in two year duration were enrolled in the study.Anthropometric data collection :-Weight(Kg), Height(cm), Waist Circumference(cm), Hip Circumference(cm).Echocardiography was performed after anthropometric measurements. Two dimensional targeted M-mode measurement of LVM as recommended by American Society of echocardiography(ASE). RESULT:-The BMI was found higher in the experimental group 42.48(+/-7.35)than control group 21.69(+/-3.32).BSA & WHR both were significantly higher in experimental than control group.LVM is significantly higher in experimental group than control group. CONCLUSION:-Reduction in BMI , marker of Obesity will lead to improvement of Echocardiographic parameters of Obesity & will likely to prevent further cardiovascular morbidity & Mortality.

Effects of waist-to-hip ratio on the detection rate of carotid artery plaque in the middle-aged and the elderly / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate the effects of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) on the formation of carotid plaque in the middle-aged and elderly people.Methods A total of five thousand and ninety-nine participants who have taken physical examination in Tangshan Kailuan Company from June 2010 to October 2011(above 40 years old,no previous history of ischemic stroke,transient ischemic attack,myocardial infarction) were enrolled in this study.Questionnaire survey,blood biochemical and carotid artery ultrasound examination were used to examine the subjects.According to WHR,quartile division was used to divide the subjects into four groups.The detection rates of carotid plaque among the 4 groups were compared.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors effecting carotid artery plaques.Results (1) The detection rate of carotid artery plaque increased with the increase of WHR,the rates of the first,second,third and fourth group were 20.7% (571/2 753),21.9% (604/2 753),27.5% (758/2 753) and 29.8% (820/2 753) respectively.The difference was statistically significant(P=0.000).(2) Logistic regression model was used to analyze multiple factors affecting the detection rate of carotid plaque.After the correction of other factors,compared with the first group,the carotid artery plaque detection rate in the second,third,fourth group were all increased,the OR values were 1.23(95%CI:1.10~1.54),1.65(95%CI:1.52~2.13),1.67(95%CI:1.54~2.17),respectively.Conclusion The increased WHR in the middle-aged and elderly population may increase the risk of carotid plaque formation.

Correlation between Anthropometric Indices and Lipid Profile in Adults.

Introduction: Obesity is a worldwide health issue, associated with excessive fat accumulation in the body to the extent that health and well-being are adversely affected. Obesity may increase the risk of many diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension dyslipidemia, gallbladder diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Anthropometric measurements can easily reflect any changes in the lipid concentration in the human body. Intra-abdominal fat has been identified as being the most clinically relevant type of fat in humans. Abnormal visceral fat produces physiological changes that alter lipid profile, leading to dyslipidemia, which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular events. Body mass index, waist and hip circumferences were found to be useful anthropometric predictors for cardiovascular risk. The aims and objectives of the study are Body mass index, waist and hip circumferences were found to be useful anthropometric predictors for cardiovascular risk. To evaluate the correlation between lipid profiles and anthropometric indices of total and central obesity. Methods: The present study was conducted among 90 adults (45 male, 45 female) in FH Medical College. All subjects were apparently healthy. The serum lipid profile included total cholesterol (TC), highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triacylglycerols (TG). BMI (kg/m2) was calculated using Quitelet’s index. Adults were classified according to their BMI into three groups. Results: Average age of males is 40.02 years and females 36.46 years. On the basis of BMI, there was 14.44% of normal weight persons, 26.67% overweight and 58.89% obese. Abnormal levels for TG in 35, TC in 20, LDL in 3, HDL in 27 of the total sample were found. Overall correlations were found between anthropometric analysis and lipid profiles. Conclusion: We found good correlations between anthropometric indices of general and central obesity and lipid profiles. Among, the anthropometric indices WHR proved to be a good predictor of dyslipidemia, showing the importance of using it in clinical practice and for screening of cardiovascular risk. Prospective studies using different parameters to assess abdominal obesity and its relationship to metabolic profile and with larger population are needed to quantify the results for application to community health lifestyle modifications.

A Study of the Association of Abdominal Obesity,Dyslipidemia and Glycemic Status in Pre-hypertensive Young Adults of a Medical University.

Aim : To study the co-relation between pre-hypertension and abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and glycemic status in young adults of a medical university. Objective : 1) To study the prevalence of pre-hypertension among the young adults of a medical university. 2) To co-relate prehypertension with other factors such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and glycemic status. Methods : This study was conducted in Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, JN Medical College, Wardha .The students of Jawaharlal Nehru College were the participants for this study. Each participant was examined only after the undertaking of their informed consent. Students who fulfilled the criteria of prehypertensives as per the criteria of JNC, 7 where included in this study. A total of 55 students who were prehypertensive were included in the study. These 55 participants where further examined for anthropometric parameters like height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR). For statistical analysis Chi - Square statistic method was employed. Results : The study showed that the prevalence of pre-hypertension was quite high (75%). There was a strong co-relation of pre-hypertension with BMI and WHR, and pre-hypertension was more prevalent in males as compared to females (49.8% versus 46.7%). Conclusion :Medical students are advised to adopt lifestyle changes to prevent the risk of future cardiovascular morbidity.

Assessment of overweight, obesity and metabolic variables among students of a private medical college in Dhaka city.

Background: Overweight and obesity are recognized as recent threat which affecting both developing and developed countries. Obesity and its associated morbidities are leading cause of most non-communicable diseases. Few recent studies have indicated the presence of increase in overweight and obesity among children and adolescent but there is no study among adult groups. Method and material: This cross sectional study was done to assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic variables with their relation among medical students. Result: Our result reveals that 8.6% & 1.9% male and 15% & 3.2% female are suffering from overweight and obesity (based on BMI) respectively. More females (31.3% and 65.2%) are centrally obese than males (3.5% and 34.8%) (According to Waist Hip ratio and Waist Height ratio respectively). But according to Waist circumference more males (30.7%) are obese than females (24%). There is also significant difference of male and female BP. DBP and SBP of male (79.22mmHg & 118.9 mmHg) have high normal level than female (72.71mmHg and 108.67mmHg) (P<0.001). There is no significant difference of glycaemic status (p<.286) and lipid profile (p<.347) with central obesity. Conclusion: Although male students have high upper level of blood pressure, female students are more obese than males (both according to BMI and central obesity). High blood pressure and obesity both acts as risk factors for the development of non communicable disease. Student’s awareness therefore should be increased to reduce central obesity and BP within normal range.

Forced Vital Capacity in Obese Females.

Obesity is increasing global problem. It is associated with various life threatening and metabolic problems. It’s effect on CVS, endocrine liver diseases have been studied many times. The present study was planned to assess Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) in obese females. A total 100 obese and 102 non obese females (21-65 years) were recruited in this study. Obesity was determined by BMI (Body Mass Index), Percentage of body fat, and WHR (Waist Hip Ratio). FVC was recorded on a computerized Medspiror. Obese females showed decrease in FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) as compared to non obese one. This indicates that obesity affects pulmonary functions with manifestation of restrictive ventilatory defect.

O uso de academias da terceira idade por idosos modifica parâmetros morfofuncionais? / Does the use of third age fitness centers by the elderly modify morphofunctional parameters?

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as características morfofuncionais de usuários de Academias da Terceira Idade (ATIs) na cidade de Maringá, Estado do Paraná. O estudo contou com 86 indivíduos (28 homens (67,8 ± 5,4 anos) e 58 mulheres (67,6 ± 6,0 anos)). Os parâmetros morfofuncionais foram divididos em antropométricos (Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC e a Relação Cintura-Quadril - RCQ) e funcionais (níveis pressóricos - PA). Foi usada a estatística descritiva para tratamento dos dados. Em relação ao estado nutricional, homens apresentaram valores maiores de IMC em comparação às mulheres. Quanto à distribuição regional de gordura, as mulheres apresentaram RCQ mais alto quando separados pelos diferentes estratos, embora em valores absolutos a média masculina tenha sido maior. Quanto a PA, homens mostraram tendência de valores mais elevados, mas ambos os gêneros tiveram reduções nos valores de PA na reavaliação, especialmente as mulheres. É possível concluir que o período de três a seis meses de prática nas ATIs não foi capaz de produzir mudanças significativas nos parâmetros morfológicos de indivíduos acima de 60 anos, independente do gênero. Modificações na função cardiovascular sinalizam importantes reduções nos níveis pressóricos, indicando que a prescrição individualizada e a regularidade de atividade física são essenciais para a obtenção de melhoras mais expressivas.

The objective of the study was to analyze the morphofunctional characteristics from users of Third Age Fitness Centers (TAFC) in the city of Maringá, Parana State. The study involved 86 individuals ­ 28 men (67.8 ± 5.4 years of age old) and 58 women (67.6 ± 6.0 years old). The morphofunctional parameters were divided into anthropometric (Body Mass Index ­ BMI and Waist-Hip Ratio ­ WHR) and functional (blood pressure ­ BP). The method used for data processing was descriptive statistics. With regard to nutritional status, men showed higher BMI values compared to women. As for regional body fat distribution, women had higher WHR when separated by different strata, although in absolute values the male average was higher. As for BP, men showed a trend for higher values, but both genders had reductions in BP values in the reassessment, especially women. We can conclude that the three to six-month period of practice at ATA was not able to produce significant changes in the morphologic parameters of individuals over 60 years of age old, regardless of gender. Changes in cardiovascular function indicate important reductions in blood pressure levels, indicating that individualized prescription and regular physical activity are essentials to achieving most significant improvements.

Impaired glucose tolerance: A pilot study in randomly selected population of Chennai.

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is considered as a prediabetic state that occupies a grey area between Diabetes mellitus (DM) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). If diabetes is detected at the stage of impaired glucose tolerance, it may be possible to halt the progression to overt diabetes. The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and its relation with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and family history of diabetes mellitus in a randomly selected Chennai population of 200 subjects of both sexes as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood glucose concentration, body mass index and waist-hip ratio were measured by approved methods. All the data were statistically analyzed. Prevalence of IGT in this study population is 8.5%. BMI and family history of diabetes showed association with IGT. WHR showed association with IGT in males, but not in females. The prevalence of IGT is similar with differing age groups and sex.

Food Intake and Bio-physiological indicators in Korean Rural Adults / 農村醫學 地域保健

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify the association of food intake with bio-physiological indicators: blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), cholesterol and urine sugar among rural people. METHODS: The subjects were 890 inhabitants from 14 towns of G County in Honam province. Data were collected by interview and self-reported with structured questionnaires from April 6th to 30th 2005. Data were analyzed with the frequency, percentage, t-test, chi-square-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test and ANCOVA using SPSS 12.0 program. RESULTS: Pre-hypertensive and hypertensive group was 27.0%, overweight and obese 27.1%, more than 0.90 in WHR 42.0%, more than 201 mg/dl of cholesterol 23.9%, and positive urine sugar was 8.7% in general. Among eleven food groups, fruit intakes were more effective in normotensive group than in the others. Vegetables, liquors, and milk products were 0.90 WHR more effective than the others. Milk products and liquors in BMI, and grains, beans and seaweed in low cholesterol group were more effective than the others. CONCLUSIONS: Bio-physiological indicators are related significantly only with fruits, milk products, meats, cereal and liquors among eleven food categories. Further study on the relationship between food intake, physical activities, smoking, drinking and lifestyle with bio-physiological indicators are suggested.

Effects of Alcohol Drinking Frequency and Foods Consumed Along with Alcohol on Anthropometry, Serum Lipid Levels, and Blood Pressure in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

This study was performed to investigate the effects of alcohol drinking frequency and foods consumed along with alcohol on anthropometry, serum lipid levels, and blood pressures in 73 male type 2 diabetic patients aged 30-59 years old. Dietary data for usual intake were obtained from the subjects by the 3-day food records. Separate data for foods consumed along with alcohol as accompaniment were collected and analyzed for energy and nutrient intakes. Both alcohol drinking frequency and/or the amount of energy consumed from accompaniment influenced clinical data as well as anthropometric measurements. The serum total- and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher in the group with a drinking frequency of > or = 2/week than that of < or = 1/week and also in the group whose daily energy intake from accompaniment was greater than the median (106.6 kcal/d) than that below the median. When the data were adjusted for age, amount of energy intake from alcohol and diet, the anothropometric measurements such as body weight, BMI, waist circumference were significantly higher in patients whose energy intake from accompaniment was greater than the median than that below the median. The results of our study suggest that both alcohol drinking frequency and the energy intake from foods consumed along with alcohol as accompanements are important contributing factors to clinical and anthropometric parameters whose associations with the cardiovascular complications are well established in patients with diabetes mellitus.

A Report of the Body Composition and Life Styles in Incheon area : Data Source from the Public Service Event of the Incheon Dietetic Association

Among the diverse factors causing obesity, the life styles and the food habits are very important. This study has carried out to evaluate the association between the habit of living and the Body Composition in 132 male and 313 female of 20-75 years old people in Incheon. The research tools are questionnaires of 6 items of life styles(Smoking, Drinking, Frequency of exercises, Normal Activity Degree, Favorite food, Degree of salt ingestion) and a height and Body Composition. The statistical results are as follows : 38% of male and 23% of female were over the normal range(Korean Society of Obesity 2004). Although the tendency of average BMI are increasing, there was no significant difference in comparison of the average BMI according to the age in male. But, the percentage of Body Fat, the Visceral Fat Area and the WHR, there was statistical significance according to age in male. The middle aged group(between 40~50 years) and older group(over 60 years) were over the normal range. In female, there were significant difference in comparison of the average BMI, the percentage of Body Fat, the WHR, the Visceral Fat Area and the Fitness Score. Especially, in the old female group, the BMI and the WHR score were over the normal range. The BMI: There was positive correlation with the Percent Body Fat(r=0.796, r=0.839, p=0.000), the Body Fat Mass(r= 0.891, r=0.932, p=0.000) and the WHR(r=0.783, r=0.902, p=0.000). Frequency of Exercises, Normal activity Degree, Favorite food, Degree of salt ingestion : There was significant difference in comparison of sex(P<0.05). The results of this study hope to provide an opportunity to further examine the relationship of the Healthy Behavior to Body Composition and obesity.

Relationship between Nutrients Intake and Anthropometric Indices using '98 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between nutrition and anthropometric indices using the data from a cross-sectional survey of a large national sample, '98 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey. Subjects were selected by stratified multistage probability sampling design and completed dietary questionnares including food intakes for one day by 24-hour recall method. For this analysis, 6566 subjects were selected by age(over 20 years old). For anthropometry, height, weight, and waist- and hip- circumference were measured. They were classified by body mass index(BMI, weight(Kg)/height2(m2)) and waist-hip ratio(WHR, waist circumference(Cm)/hip circumference(Cm)). The nutrients intake of subjects were compared with the recommended daily allowances(RDA). Mean adequacy ratio(MAR) was calculated. Mean heights, weights, BMIs were higher in the groups with nutrient intake over 125% of RDA than the lower intake groups for most nutrients. However, Mean WHR was the highest in the groups with nutrient intake under 75% of RDA for most nutrients excluding iron intake of women aged 20~64 years. Among women aged 20~64 years, means of MAR were 0.71 for obese individuals(BMI>30), 0.72 for subjects with underweight(BMI0.9) had lower MAR, 0.71 than those with normal weight(MAR=0.76). From these results, obesity and abdominal obesity seems to be the results of malnutrition including both undernutrition and overnutrition rather than simple problem of excess energy intake. Obesity in elderly people needs to be handled differently from adults.

Relationship between Nutrients Intake and Anthropometric Indices using '98 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between nutrition and anthropometric indices using the data from a cross-sectional survey of a large national sample, '98 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey. Subjects were selected by stratified multistage probability sampling design and completed dietary questionnares including food intakes for one day by 24-hour recall method. For this analysis, 6566 subjects were selected by age(over 20 years old). For anthropometry, height, weight, and waist- and hip- circumference were measured. They were classified by body mass index(BMI, weight(Kg)/height2(m2)) and waist-hip ratio(WHR, waist circumference(Cm)/hip circumference(Cm)). The nutrients intake of subjects were compared with the recommended daily allowances(RDA). Mean adequacy ratio(MAR) was calculated. Mean heights, weights, BMIs were higher in the groups with nutrient intake over 125% of RDA than the lower intake groups for most nutrients. However, Mean WHR was the highest in the groups with nutrient intake under 75% of RDA for most nutrients excluding iron intake of women aged 20~64 years. Among women aged 20~64 years, means of MAR were 0.71 for obese individuals(BMI>30), 0.72 for subjects with underweight(BMI0.9) had lower MAR, 0.71 than those with normal weight(MAR=0.76). From these results, obesity and abdominal obesity seems to be the results of malnutrition including both undernutrition and overnutrition rather than simple problem of excess energy intake. Obesity in elderly people needs to be handled differently from adults.

Plasma LDL Particle Sizes Affect the Blood Lipid Profile and Dietary Intakes among Korean Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the plasma LDL particle size and blood lipid profile, dietary factors and anthropometric values (body mass index, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio). The subjects were 173 adults aged 23 to 81 years, selected from the Outpatient Clinic and Cardiovascular Department of the Seoul Municipal Hospital. Dietary data were obtained using a 3-day food record and analyzed using Korean and US nutrient databases. The subjects were divided into three groups by LDL particle size:type A (large buoyant LDL, > 25.5 nm, n = 96), type I (Intermediate LDL, 25.2 < or = - < or = 25.5 nm, n = 18), and type B (small dense LDL, < 25.2 nm, n = 59) groups. The type B group had higher age, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio (WHR) than the type A and type I groups. Serum concentration of triglyceride, Apo B, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio and atherogenic index were significantly higher in the type B group as compared to those in the other two groups. HDL cholesterol level and Apo A-I/Apo B ratio were significantly lower in the type B group than the other two groups. The plasma LDL particle size was highly correlated with triglyceride (r = -0.450), Apo B (r = -0.402) and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.418). However, there was no correlation between plasma LDL particle size and dietary intakes. This study showed that small dense LDL was an important biochemical risk factor that was associated with other risk factors.

Relationship between Body Fat Distribution and Metabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of obesity in adolescents; to study the association between obesity, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia; and to evaluate the superiority of waist circumference to waist/hip ratio(WHR) in central obesity. METHODS: We selected 1382 adolescents(M : F=690 : 692) aged from 11 to 18 years(mean age; boys15.0, girls 15.4) in Incheon. We measured weight, height, waist, waist/hip ratio, and blood pressure, with blood sampling to evaluate the dyslipidemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was 6.7% in boys and 6.9% in girls by body mass index(BMI). The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 15.7% in normal group, 32.4% in the overweight group, and 35.4% in the obese group by BMI. The prevalence of diastolic hypertension was 4.9% in the normal group, 6.9% in the overweight group, and 14.6% the in obese group. In boys and girls, BMI, waist circumference, and WHR were positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. respectively. In boys, triglyceride was positively correlated with waist circumference(r=0.34, P<0.05). In boys and girls, BMI was highly correlated with obesity index(r=0.98, each), with waist circumference(r=0.89, r=0.82, respectively), and with body fat(r=0.85, r=0.89) respectively. CONCLUSION: These data suggest the importance of the screening of blood pressure in obese adolescents, with prevention and intervention of obesity since it may be the most cost-effective way of reducing the complications related with obesity.

The Relationship among Testosterone, IGF- 1 and Fat Mass

BACGROUND: The age-related increase in fat mass seems related to decrease in hormone level. Few studies have been done in Korea concerning the association between testosterone, GH (growth hormone) and fat mass. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship among testosterone, IGF-1 and fat mass. METHODS: The study was performed from February to October 2001 in the Health Screening Center of Pundang CHA Hospital with 243 men as subjects. Fat intake was measured through interview with diet therapist and other data were obtained by self-questionnaire. Fat mass was measured using Inbody 3.0 and the level of total testosterone, SHBG and IGF-1 in serum were measured. RESULTS: Smoking was negatively correlated with fat mass and WHR (waist to hip ratio) (P <0.05) and fat intake was positively correlated with fat mass (P <0.05). Fat mass was negatively correlated with total testosterone, calculated free testosterone, and SHBG (gamma = 0.26; P <0.01, gamma = 0.15; P <0.05, gamma = 0.31; P <0.01). WHR was positively correlated with age (gamma =0.26; P <0.01) and negatively correlated with total testosterone, calculated free testosterone, and IGF-1 (gamma = 0.24; P <0.01, gamma = 0.20; P <0.01, gamma = 0.16; P <0.05). After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, and fat intake, the calculated free testosterone and IGF-1 were independently negatively correlated with fat mass (beta = 0.072; P <0.01, beta = 0.0035; P <0.05) and WHR (beta = 6.9E-04; P <0.05, beta = 4.0E-05; P <0.05) but, total testosterone and SHBG were not independently correlated with fat mass and WHR. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the calculated free testosterone and IGF-1 can be independent determinants of fat mass and WHR in middle-aged men.

Association of Anthropometric Indices with Prevalence of Hypertension in Korean Adults / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between hypertension prevalence and the four commonest anthropometric measurements for obesity(body mass index(BMI), wasit-hip ratio(WHR), waist circumference(WC) and body fat in Korean adults. METHODS: We studied the cross-sectional association of the anthropometric indices and blood pressure in 1,197 individuals( who were participants in the population-based cohort study). Hypertension was defined as blood pressure 160/95 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. Informations on life-style factors were obtained from personal interview. RESULTS: There were close associations between BMI, WHR and WC with blood pressure in both men and women. After age adjustment, BMI and WC showed significantly positive correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in both men and women. Odds ratio(ORs) of being hypertensive were estimated comparing the highest to the lowest quantile, adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol intake levels, education attainment. The simultaneously adjusted ORs of being hypertensive, comparing the highest vs the lowest categories, was for BMI 2.0(95% confidence interval(CI)=0.9-3.2) in men and 3.2 (95% CI=1.7-6.1) in women, for WC 2.1(95% CI=1.0-4.4) in men and 3.1(95% CI=1.6-5.9) in women, for fat(%) 4.2(95% CI=1.9-9.5) in men and 2.1(95% CI=1.2-3.6) in women. CONCLUSION: In addition to measures of overall obesity(BMI) as well as central obesity(WHR, WC), body fat(%) was independently associated with prevalence of hypertension. Among obesity indices, body fat was the most predictor variable in hypertensive state in male and BMI was in female.

Physical Characteristics and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living of the Elderly(85+) in Kyungpook Sung-Ju Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical characteristics and instrumental activities of daily living(IADL) of the elderly (85+). The subjects were three-hundred elderly people over the age of 85, living in Kyungpook Sung-Ju area who have no problems in daily living. The survey on anthropometric measures and IADL were carried out by individual measurement and interviews using measuring devices and questionnaires. The subject group of the study was composed of 27% males and 73% females, the average age being 87 years old. Notable physical features of the subjects include considerably short statues and small physiques compared to the average Korean elder. The mean Body Mass Index(BMI) was 20.9. The average percentage of body fat in male and female was 21.7% and 29.5% respectively, and the average waist/hip ratio(WHR) was 0.9 and 0.85 respectively. The percentage of the subjects who were able to perform all the IADL was 51% in males and 25% in females. The male subjects were more capable than the females in all the IADL except for preparing meals. BMI showed positive correlations withy weight(r=699), WHR(r=0.157), body fat percentage(r=0.57), lean body mass(r=0368) and total body water(r=0.368). WHR also had positive correlation with weight(r=0.184), BMI(r=0.157), lean body mass(r=0.149) and total body water (r=0.148). Body fat percentage had a positive correlation with weight(r=0.147) and BMI(r=0.265) and total body water(r=0.265). In summary, the elderly(85+) in the Sung-Ju area had considerably smaller physiques than the average Korean elderly and showed a normal range of BMI in average. The IADL of the elderly(85+) appeared to have a positive correlation with lean body mass and total body water and a negative correlation with body fat percentage.